RECYCLABLE WASTE    PLASTIC (NON-PVC)     218,693
CARDBOARD     85,046
PAPER     4,956
PVC     15,115
HAZARDOUS WASTE    MEDICAL WASTE     1,084
SOLID WASTE CONTAMINATED WITH HYDROCARBONS     300,680
USED ENGINE OIL FILTERS     85,423
HYDROCARBON-CONTAMINATED SOILS     88,680
ORDINARY WASTE    FIBERS     14,078
USED AIR FILTERS (AUTOMOTIVE AND SIMILAR)     23,149
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE), INCLUDING CONTAMINATED CLOTHING AND SIMILAR DEBRIS     130,861
Pig corpses / stray dogs and larger animal carcasses cheap incinerators –
Load capacity in the range of up to 300 kg / Burn rate approx. 50 kg per hour

Temperature Controlled Burner. Incinerators to be designed to meet the Norms of Pollution Control. Technology: Heavy-duty casing, to be a quality, rugged, reliable, economical Incinerator with relevant control, easy to operate and self-contained. Units to be pre-assembled, pre-piped, pre-wired & tested before Transport / Export.

Note: Similar Technology and / or Tenderers Proposals are welcome.

Within the framework of an environmental equipment & technology consultation and joint purchasing, this Procurement / Notary Bureau invites applicants for pre-qualification in the aim of primarily selecting capable companies to bid for the above tender.
The supply will comprise the special equipment for effective waste management as mentioned above for a new private environment contract management company with planned operations 2013 in Indonesia and Thailand, and 2015 in West & East Malaysia to carry out those professional services in order to comply with the governments safety disposal requirements for animal waste in the region and to meet the higher technical standard in this particular field in order to protect the public and contain contagious & infectious viruses and animal caused diseases. The spread of a new disease of pigs, also the ‘Nipah Virus Disease’, first evident in 1998 in S.E.Asia, which causes illness and death in both humans and pigs, is on the rise again; as well as the sudden death of sows and boars was recorded in pig farms in Malaysia and other areas in S.E. Asia.

TECHNICAL INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS FOR 2 hospitals

 

INTRODUCTION

• All the incinerators to be supplied and installed must meet the Government of Kenya waste Management Regulation 2006 in particular 3^rdschedule regulation (26, 47) pertaining classification, standards, criteria, and procedure for installing/operating incinerators as authored by the National Environmental Management and Coordination (waste management) regulation 2006, legal notice No. 121 of 29^th September 2006
• The capacity of the incinerator required should be to the specifications with a capacity to burn 100kgs/Hr
• The incinerator shall be run on a 3-phase power supply (mains)
• For the technical evaluation, not only the treatment plant but the entire system will be considered.  It will be the responsibility of the Bidder to supply a full system, including all eventually additionally necessary secondary systems and additional equipment.
• The system offered shall be designed to operate normally under the conditions of the purchaser’s country. The conditions include Power Supply, Climate, Temperature, Humidity, etc.
• The Bidder must provide a warranty for one year.
• All text, parameter etc. on all control operating interfaces as well as on information displays and on print-outs shall be in English language.
• The Bidder is responsible for all permits and approvals for importation. The Bidder shall provide all the necessary documentation in order to facilitate the legal requirements for the installation and putting into use of the equipment.
• Period of Execution is 90 days from contract signature for delivery to site and completion of all verification operations required for the issuance of provisional acceptance.
• Representatives of the Contracting Authority and the Beneficiary, together with the Bidder’s representative, shall carry out the controls, testing and initial approval for provisional and final acceptance as.  The provisional and final acceptance shall take place at the final destination.
• After-Sales Service: The Bidder is required to ensure that a maintenance, service and repair centre, which is authorised by the Manufacturer, and which is able to rapidly supply genuine spare parts and consumables recommended by the Manufacturer is available throughout the one year warranty period. In fulfillment of this requirement with their offer Bidders must submit a statement signed by a representative of the manufacturer:
  • Providing the name and address of its authorised maintenance, service and repair centre,
  • Confirming that this authorised maintenance, service and repair centre is able to rapidly supply genuine spare parts and the consumables recommended by the Manufacturer; and

 

• The Bidder will be responsible to deliver and install all to be supplied equipment at to be set up waste handling areas in the Republic of Kenya. The Bidder shall deliver a time schedule over the complete construction and assembling period. The delivery and installation time must be agreed between bidders, target Hospital and the Contracting Authority. The treatment plant must arrive pre-assembled. The Bidder shall ensure that all parts of the plant transported by sea shall not be shipped as “deck cargo”.

 

• It is expected that the Bidder cooperates closely with the contractor for the new waste handling building/area and will make available all needed technical information, drawing, etc. to the contractor.

 

• The Bidder shall supply and install the incinerator with the following attached specifications

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TECHNICAL INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS FOR EAPHLNP
ITEM	DESCRIPTION	UNIT	QTY	RATE	KSHS.
	Incinerator
	To supply and install the following		2NO.
	Hospital Incinerators to Nema standards
	The following are the incinerator specifications :-
A	Ø      Waste type:      Mixed type 0,1,2,3 & 4 hospital/clinical bio hazard waste
	Ø      Waste density:   125 to 350Kg/M³
	Ø      Waste CV:        4000 KCAL/Kg
	Ø      Moisture content:   10-25%
	Ø      Estimated ash residue: 5-10%
	Ø      Nominal capacity:   100Kg/hour batch load
	Ø      Secondary chamber:  2 second @ 1100ºC
	Ø      Environmental:    NEMA ACT           (EMCA) 1999
	Clean Air Act 1999
	BS3316 1987
	Equipment	Set
	The Incinerator must comprise of: –
	Ø      Manual Loading door (heavy duty steel door with appropriate refractory lining)
	Ø      Horizontal solid hearth, refractory lined primary combustion chamber 800mm diameter x 2100mm long
	Ø      Full sized bulk load/ash removal door
	Ø      1 off diesel-fired ignition burner – temperature controlled
	Ø      1 off combustion air supply fan and distribution system, automatic control
	Ø      High capacity secondary combustion chamber 2 second @ 1100ºC with
	Ø      1 off diesel-fired afterburner – temperature controlled
	Ø      Control Panel – automatic operation
	Ø      Temperature indication primary and secondary chambers 0-1200ºC. Both chambers must be insulated with refractory material (super duty 100mm thick firebrick with 25mm thick calcium silicate insulation)
	Ø      Refractory lined flanged chimney to a height of 10M and it must be 3m above the height of any existing roof adjacent to the incinerator
	Carried Forward To Collection Page.
	NOTE: WE REQUIRE TWO INCINERATORS. ONE
ITEM	DESCRIPTION	UNIT	QTY	RATE	KSHS.
B	Diesel Tank:
	To provide for diesel service tank (Capacity 400 litres) including level indicator The tank should be connected to the incinerator at a higher level to enable free-flow of diesel from the tank to the incinerator. The connecting pipe must be a black pipe of approved gauge and diameter. Include other accompanying accessories and fittings	Item	1
C	Installation & commissioning works
D	Positioning of Incinerator: – Provide lifting gears as forklift, gantry, rollers, and lifting jacks and position incinerator.	Item	1
E	Connect burners to fuel supply.	No.	2
F	Chimney Installation:
G	Composition of the chimney: – Provide a chimney with scrubber (for filtration) Provide lifting gear to hoist, erect and mount chimney, and provide supports slings as necessary. Allow for cutting of tree branches to facilitate the exercise. The chimney shall be painted with approved heat resistant paint after installation.	Item.	1
H	Commissioning & Training:
	Testing set operating parameters, training of operators and technical staff.	Item	1
I	Commissioning Maintenance Contract
	Before the expiry of the warranty/signing off, the suppler shall provide a one-year replacement service parts (e.g. filters, air filters), the Quarterly routine maintenance price per quarter for three (3) quarters. Maintenance contract proposal).  The maintenance contract price includes labour, transport and accommodation for the attending technicians.	Item	3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EVALUATION CRITERIA

Evaluation shall be carried out in four stages namely preliminary examination of documents for conformance with mandatory requirements, technical evaluation, site visit and commercial evaluation.

Stage One: Preliminary Examination

– Preliminary Evaluation under special condition of the tender. These are mandatory requirements.

This shall include confirmation that a bidder has complied with the special condition of tender above.

Failure to meet any one of the above requirements stated in the special conditions of the contract shall lead to automatic disqualification.

Stage Two: TECHNICAL EVALUATION (70 MARKS)

 

ITEM	DESCRIPTION	UNIT	QTY	MARKS ALLOCATED	MARKS RECEIVED
	Incinerator
	To supply and install the following		2NO.
	Hospital Incinerator to Nema standards
	The following are the incinerator specifications :-
A	Ø      Waste type:      Mixed type 0,1,2,3 & 4 hospital/clinical bio hazard waste			35
	Ø      Waste density:   125 to 350Kg/M³
	Ø      Waste CV:        4000 KCAL/Kg
	Ø      Moisture content:   10-25%
	Ø      Estimated ash residue: 5-10%
	Ø      Nominal capacity:   100Kg/hour batch load
	Ø      Secondary chamber:  2 second @ 1100ºC
	Ø      Environmental:    NEMA ACT           (EMCA) 1999
	Clean Air Act 1999
	BS3316 1987
	Equipment	Set
	The Incinerator must comprise of: –
	Ø      Manual Loading door (heavy duty steel door with appropriate refractory lining)
	Ø      Horizontal solid hearth, refractory lined primary combustion chamber 800mm diameter x 2100mm long
	Ø      Full sized bulk load/ash removal door
	Ø      1 off diesel-fired ignition burner – temperature controlled
	Ø      1 off combustion air supply fan and distribution system, automatic control
	Ø      High capacity secondary combustion chamber 2 second @ 1100ºC with
	Ø      1 off diesel-fired afterburner – temperature controlled
	Ø      Control Panel – automatic operation
	Ø      Temperature indication primary and secondary chambers 0-1200ºC. Both chambers must be insulated with refractory material (super duty 100mm thick firebrick with 25mm thick calcium silicate insulation)
	Ø      Refractory lined flanged chimney to a height of 10M and it must be 3m above the height of any existing roof adjacent to the incinerator
ITEM	DESCRIPTION	UNIT	QTY	RATE	KSHS.
B	Diesel Tank:
	To provide for diesel service tank (Capacity 400 litres) including level indicator The tank should be connected to the incinerator at a higher level to enable free-flow of diesel from the tank to the incinerator. The connecting pipe must be a black pipe of approved gauge and diameter. Include other accompanying accessories and fittings	Item	1	20
C	Installation & commissioning works
D	Positioning of Incinerator: – Provide lifting gears as forklift, gantry, rollers, and lifting jacks and position incinerator.	Item	1	10
E	Connect burners to fuel supply.	No.	2	5
F	Chimney Installation:
G	Composition of the chimney: – Provide a chimney with scrubber (for filtration) Provide lifting gear to hoist, erect and mount chimney, and provide supports slings as necessary. Allow for cutting of tree branches to facilitate the exercise. The chimney shall be painted with approved heat resistant paint after installation.	Item.	1	10
H	Commissioning & Training:
	Testing set operating parameters, training of operators and technical staff.	Item	1	10
I	Commissioning Maintenance Contract
	Before the expiry of the warranty/signing off, the suppler shall provide a one-year replacement service parts (e.g. filters, air filters), the Quarterly routine maintenance price per quarter for three (3) quarters. Maintenance contract proposal).  The maintenance contract price includes labour, transport and accommodation for the attending technicians.	Item	3	10
	TOTAL			100

 

Pass mark for technical evaluation is 70/100 marks

 

Stage Three: Site Visit

The evaluation committee will visit the premises of the bidders who are responsive to technical  evaluation stage to verify the authenticity of statutory document submitted; ascertain the accuracy of the information given in the tender documents, assess firm’s capacity, location, among others.

The Tenderer will be automatically disqualified where false or fraudulent Information is found to have been given.

 

Stage 4 Commercial Evaluation

Bids that pass the above three (3) stages shall be compared on the basis of prices / cost quoted and the lowest priced will be considered the lowest evaluated bid and subsequently recommended for award. Prevailing market prices will be used to determine the price responsiveness of the bidders.

 

SECTION V – SCHEDULE OF REQUIREMENTS

 

ITEM NO	ITEM DESCRIPTION	UNIT	QTY. REQUIRED	UNIT PRICE (KHS)	REMARKS
1.	Supply, Delivery, installation and commissioning of Incinerator in	NO	1
2.	Supply, Delivery, installation and commissioning of Incinerator	NO	1

 

 

 

 

Signature of tenderer

 

Note: In case of discrepancy between unit price and total, the unit price shall prevail.

 

SECTION VI – STANDARD FORMS

 

1. Form of tender
2. Contract form
3. Confidential Questionnaire form
4. Tender security form
5. Performance security form
6. Bank guarantee for advance payment
7. Declaration form

 

 

 

 

Primary chamber – Consists of a monolithic high grade refractory concrete with high grade insulation backing, . Utilising a refractory hearth or equivalent for continuous ash removal.

Secondary Chamber – Consists of high density, low thermal mass refractory ceramic fibre with an innovative low emissivity protective coating. bio medical waste treatment plant ( Incineration )with panel.

SOLID WASTE INCINERATOR    Feeding Capacity:    200 to 220 Kg.
Burn Rate *    60 Kg / hr
Ingredients to be burned    Cotton, Rubber, PVC Sheets, PE Gloves, Oil, Plastic Bottles, Paper etc.
Chambers *    Dual Chamber.
1: Primary Controlled Air
2: Secondary Excess Air
Temperature Monitoring    Required
Temperature Control to Primary & Secondary Chambers    Required
System Status & Alarms    Required for all necessary parameters.
Fittings & Accessories    Complete Package is required ( Including Nozzles & Flanges etc.)
Installation Requirements.    As low as possible . Almost Plug & Play type.
Dimensional Sketch, Operation & Installation Manuals.    Required
Off – Gas System    Required
Heat Insulation    Required for indoor installation
Delivery    Karachi Sea Port – Pakistan

The details of Components of incinerator is as follows:
Component Name        Features                 Range.
Primary Chamber    Temperature Required*    800 – 1000 deg C.
Heating Source    Natural Gas

Secondary Chamber    Temperature *    1100 – 1300 deg. C
Heating Source    Natural Gas + Propane or Fuel Oil as an additional source
Off – Gas Residence Time     2 Seconds.
Refractory Material    Material *    Alumina ( 56 – 80 % Pure )
Lining *    SS 316L
Life Span *    10 – 15 years.
Rating Temperature    1600 – 1800 deg. C
Media    Slightly acidic
Insulation    Material    Ceramic Fiber
Thickness    25 “ minimum
Feeding & Ash Removing     System    Air Tight ventilating locked doors ( Feeding from Top will be preferred)
Spares    Required for 5 Years trouble free operation

 

–          150 KG/HR

–          Compliant with EU rules, Directive 2000/76/EC

–          Fuel type: Diesel

–          Easy management and upkeep

–          Temperatures:

850 deg C for municipal waste

1000 deg C to clinical waste

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME 4
2. STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAMME 4
3. COLLABORATORS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAMME 4
4. STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAMME 4
5. LABORATORY TRIALS 5
6. FIELD TRIALS 13

 

 

 

1.     OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME

 

The aim of this programme is to choose technical criteria suitable for tender specification purposes that will make it possible for the South African Department of Health to acquire the equipment and services required for the primary healthcare clinics to perform small incineration for the disposal of medical waste.

 

2.     STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAMME

 

The evaluation programme has been carried out in stages, as follows:

Stage 1         A scoping study to determine the obligation of the various parties and

consensus on the evaluation criteria and boundaries of the laboratory tests. The criteria for accepting an incinerator on trial was approved by all parties involved.

Stage two Laboratory tests with a ranking of each incinerator and the choice of the incinerators to be utilised from the field trials.

Stage 3         Completion of field trials, to assess the efficacy of each incinerator under field conditions.

Stage 4         Planning of a tender specification and recommendations to the DoH for the implementation of a continuing incineration programme.

 

This record provides feedback on stages 2 and 3 of their work.

 

 

 

3.     COLLABORATORS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAMME

 

SA Collaborative Centre for Cold Chain Management SA National Department of Health

CSIR

Pharmaceutical Society of SA World Health Organisation UNICEF

 

 

 

4.     STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAMME

 

The following stakeholders engaged in the steering committee:

 

• Dept of Health (National & provincial levels) (DoH)
• Dept of Occupational Health & Safety (National & provincial levels)
• Dept of Environmental Affairs & Tourism (National & provincial levels) (DEAT)
• Dept of Water Affairs & Forestry (National & provincial levels) (DWAF)
• Dept of Labour (National & provincial levels) (DoL)
• National Waste Management Strategy Group
• SA Local Government Association (SALGA)
• SA National Civics Organisation (SANCO)
• National Education, Health and Allied Workers Union (NEHAWU)

 

 

• Democratic Nurses Organisation of SA (DENOSA)
• Medecins Sans Frontieres
• SA Association of Community Pharmacists
• Mamelodi Community Health Committee
• Pharmaceutical Society of SA
• CSIR
• UNICEF
• WHO
• SA Federation of Hospital Engineers

 

 

International visitors:

• Dr Luiz Diaz – WHO Geneva and International Waste Management , USA
• Mr Joost van den Noortgate – Medecins Sans Frontieres, Belgium

 

 

 

 

5.     LABORATORY TRIALS

 

5.1.   Objective of the laboratory trials

 

• Rank the performance of submitted units to the following criteria:

y Occupational safety

y Impact on public health from emissions

y The destruction efficiency

y The usability for its accessible staff

 

• The panel of experts for the ranking consisted of a:

y Professional nurse; Mrs Dorette Kotze in the SA National Department of Health

y Emission specialist; Dr Dave Rogers in the CSIR

y Combustion Engineer; Mr Brian North in the CSIR

 

5.2.   Incinerators received for evaluation

 

Name used in report	Model no.	Description	Manufacturer
C&S Marketing incinerator	SafeWaste Model Turbo 2000Vi	Electrically operated fan supplies combustion air — no auxiliary fuel	C&S Marketing cc.
Molope Gas incinerator	Medcin 400 Medical Waste Incinerator	Gas-fired incinerator	Molope Integrated Waste Management
Molope Auto incinerator	Molope Auto Medical Waste Incinerator	Auto-combust incinerator – uses wood or coal as additional fuel to facilitate incineration	Molope Integrated Waste Management

 

Name used in report	Model no.	Description	Manufacturer
PaHuOy incinerator	Turbo Stove	Auto-combust unit, Working with no additional gas or forced air supply	Pa-Hu Oy

 

 

5.3.   Emission testing: laboratory method

 

Sampling of emissions followed the US-EPA Method 5G dilution tunnel method for stove emissions. Adjustments to the design were made to account for fires extending up to 0.5 m above the suggestion of the incinerator and the drop out of big pieces of ash. Emissions were extracted to a duct for isokinetic sampling of particulate emissions. The sampling arrangement is shown with a schematic in Figure 1. A photo of this operation within the Molope gas fired incinerator unit is displayed in Figure 2.

 

All tests were conducted based on specified operating processes. The instructions provided by the provider of the gear were followed in the case of this C&S advertising Unit. No operating procedures were supplied with the Molope Gas, Molope auto-combustion and PaHuOy units. These processes were created by the CSIR staff with their prior experience together with advice provided by the provider.

 

Evaluation facilities were set up in the CSIR and measurements were carried out under an ISO9001 system using standard EPA test procedures or modifications made in the CSIR.

 

 

 

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the laboratory set-up

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2:Photograph of air intake sampling hood over Molope gas incinerator

 

 

 

5.4.   RANKING RESULTS OF THE LABORATORY TRIALS

 

Using the criteria listed under section 4.1 above, the incinerators were ranked as followed:

 

	Molope gas-fired unit	Molope wood-fired unit	C&S electric unit	PaHuOy wood-fired unit
Safety	6.8	4.8	5.5	3.3
Health	5.5	3.5	4.3	2.3
Destruction	9	2	6	1
Usability	2	3	3	5
Average	5.8	3.3	4.7	2.9

 

 

5.5.   EMISSION RESULTS OF THE LABORATORY TRIALS

 

Quantitative dimensions were utilized to rank the components Concerning destruction efficiency and also the potential to produce hazardous emissions.

 

Conformance to the South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism’s (DEAT) urged guidelines on emissions from Large Scale Medical Waste Incinerators is outlined in Table 1. The dimensions are listed1 in Table 2.

 

 

 

Table 1: Summary qualitative results

 

Parameter Measured	Units	Molope   Gas-fired	Molope   Wood-fired	C&S   Electric	PaHuOy   Wood-fired	SA DEAT Guidelines
Stack height	m	×	×	×	×	3 m above nearest building
Gas velocity	m/s	×	×	×	×	10
Residence time	s	×	×	×	×	2
Minimum combustion temperature	ºC	4	×	×	×	> 850
Gas combustion efficiency	%	×	×	×	×	99.99
Particulate emissions	mg/Nm3	4	×	4	×	180
Cl as HCl	mg/Nm3	×	4	4	×	< 30
F as HF	mg/Nm3	4	4	4	4	< 30
Metals	mg/Nm3	4	×	×	4	< 0.5 and < 0.05

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 Fragrant concentrations are reported in accordance with the South African reporting requirements, ie, normalized to Normal Temperature (0

oC) and Stress (101.3 kPa) and adjusted to a nominal concentration of

8 percent of CO2 on a dry gas basis. If a dimension dropped below the detection limit for the procedure is it reported as the detection limit or as N.D., ie, not detectable.

 

 

Table 2: Detailed quantitative results

 

Parameter Measured *	Units	Molope gas	Molope auto	C&S	PaHuOy	SA Process Guide1	Comments
Stack height	m	1.8	1.8	1.9	0.3	3 m above nearest building	None of those unite has a stack. The height of the exhaust vent is taken as the stack height. If it is above the respiration zone of the operator it provides some protection from exposure to smoke.
Gas speed	m/s	0.8	0.5	1.1	0.5	10	Gas velocities vary across the stack to get its Molope gas, Molope auto-combustion, and also the PaHuOy units.
Home time	s	0.4	0.7	0.6	0.4	two	Home time is taken to be the entire combustion time, along with the maximum possible
Minimum combustion zone temperature	oC	800 -900	400 – 650	600 – 800	500 – 700	> 850	Molope auto-combustion temperatures are anticipated to become greater as the middle of the combustion zone is not predicted to be in the measurement location.
CO2 in the stack tip	percent vol	2.64	3.75	4.9	3.25	8.0	Actual emission concentrations are less than the values reported here, that can be normalized to 8 percent CO2 and standard temperature and pressure for coverage purposes. They are reduced between 4 to 8 times.
Particulate emissions entrained in exhaust gas	102	197	130	338	180	The total emissions will be the sum of the both entrained and un- entrained particulates. Emissions are lower than anticipated for such units and this can be attributed to the absence of raking which is the major source of particulate emissions from incinerators with no emission management	system.
Combustion		99.70		99.03			the duct where mixing of exhaust
efficiency							gases is complete. Results of two Particulate fall- out
42	mg/Nm3	105	n.d.	n.d.	–	Large pieces of paper and cardboard ash rained out of the emissions. Totalling 0.8 to 2 g within a +/- two minute interval.	Soot in particulates percent
42.2	mg/Nm3	58.1	48.7	84.8	–	Correlates right with gas combustion efficiency
1 Emission concentrations are reported in accordance with the South African coverage requirements, ie, Normalized to Normal Temperature (0	oC) and Stress (101.3 kPa) and adjusted to a nominal concentration of	8 percent of CO2 on a dry gas basis. If a dimension dropped below the detection limit for the procedure is it reported as the detection limit or as N.D., ie, not detectable.		Parameter Measured *	Units	Molope gas	Molope auto

C&S

PaHuOy

SA Process Guide1

Comments

% ash remaining from medical waste

percent	14.8	12.9	15.6	21.7	–	Measurement of destruction efficiency of the incinerator. Typical commercial units function in 85-90% mass decrease. PaHuOy is reduced due to the melting and unburnt plastic.	Cl as HCl
46	13	25	35 & 542	< 30	PaHuOy chloride concentrations varied greatly. This is expected as a result of the variability of the feed composition.	F as HF	< 6
< 1	mg/Nm3	<2	< 1	< 30	Fluoride not found in this waste.	Arsenic (As)	< 0.2
< 0.2	mg/Nm3	< 0.2	< 0.2	0.5	Arsenic is not anticipated as a strong. Higher sensitivity not hunted with this trial.	Chromium (Cr)	< 0.1
0.7	mg/Nm3	0.7	< 0.1.	0.5	Chromium comparative to iron ranges between 12 and 25% which is consistent with stainless steel needles	Manganese (Mn)	< 0.1
0.3	mg/Nm3	0.3	< 0.1	0.5	Manganese might be a part from the stainless steel needle.	Nickel (Ni)	< 0.1
0.3	mg/Nm3	< 0.1	< 0.1	0.5	Nickel may be a part from the needle.	Barium (Ba)	< 0.5
< 0.5	mg/Nm3	< 0.5	< 0.5	0.5	Lower sensitivity due to presence in the filter material	Silver (Ag)	< 0.2
< 0.2	mg/Nm3	< 0.2	< 0.2	0.5	Not anticipated in this waste.	Copper (Cu)	< 0.5
< 0.5	mg/Nm3	< 0.5	< 0.5	0.5	Lower sensitivity due to copper from the sample blanks. May be background from the analytical equipment. Sensitivity of this x-ray way is sufficient for position. Higher sensitivity not hunted with this trial.
	mg/Nm3		The principal conclusions drawn in the trials are as follows:		:::          All four components may be utilized to leave medical waste non-infectious, and to ruin syringes or leave needles unsuitable for reuse.	:::                           The largest potential health hazard arises in the emissions of smoke and soot.              (the combustion efficiency of units lies away from the	regulatory criteria ). The risk to health can be reduced by training operators to avoid the smoke or by installation of a chimney in the website.
:::          The emissions from small scale incinerators are predicted to be lower compared to those from a wood fire, but greater than a traditional fire-brick-	mg/Nm3	lined multi-chambered incinerator.	:::          Incomplete combustion, along with the substantial formation of smoke at reduced height rendered the PaHuOy unit unacceptable for field trials. Figure 3	below shows this unit during a trial burn. Molten plastic flowed out of	the incinerator, blocked the primary combustion air feed vents, and burnt out of the unit.
	mg/Nm3				The CSIR conducted a qualitative trial in the field for gas combustion efficiency, temperature profiles and mass destruction rate on the Molope Vehicle wood-fired unit in the Mogale Clinic.		The outcomes of this trial are contrasted to the laboratory trial outcomes below:
	mg/Nm3	Temperatures were greater but for a shorter time and this was	connected with the type of wood available to this practice. The gas was burnt out before the medical waste was ruined completely and this caused reduced temperatures, reduced combustion efficiency and greater emissions while reducing the waste.	before complete ignition of the waste.		It was reasoned that:
	mg/Nm3			these recommendations are made as the result of the laboratory trials:	:::     A detailed operating manual must be supplied with each unit.	Adequate training in the operation of these units have to be supplied, especially focussed on safety difficulties.	:::     It is recommended that the height of the exhaust vent on all components be
addressed.     To be able to facilitate the dispersion of emissions and lessen the vulnerability risk of these operators.	mg/Nm3	:::     The suppliers of this incinerators must supply instructions for its safe handling and disposal of ash.
	mg/Nm3	After completion of the laboratory trials, the project steering committee urged that the Molope Gas and C&S Marketing units be submitted for field testing. The Molope Vehicle was advocated for field testing on the condition that the manufacturer altered the ash grate so as to prevent the spillage of partly burned off needles and syringes.
The aim of this field trials would be to acquire information in the field and assess the strengths and weaknesses of all the incinerators during usage at primary healthcare clinics.	mg/Nm3		A participative decision making process was utilized for its trials. It was based on expert technical analysis from the CSIR and the National Department of Health in addition to involvement in the trials by experienced end users and engaging advisors. All decisions were made by the Steering Committee, which consisted of representatives of stakeholders in the medical and clinical waste disposal process. These included representatives from the National, Provincial, and Local Government departments of Health, Safety and the Environment, in Addition to Professional Associations, Unions, NGOs, UNICEF, the WHO and local community representatives.			The Provinces in which the trials were done chosen clinics for its field trials. The criteria set by the Steering Committee for the choice of the clinics were the following:

y No medical waste removal

y No existing incineration

y No transport

5.6.   MAIN FINDINGS OF THE LABORATORY TRIALS

 

The clinics that were chosen were as follows:

 

 

 

incinerator, wood-fired.

incinerator

 

 

 

 

 

 

MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA INDICATING WHERE THE CLINICS ARE SITUATED

Figure 3: Photo of PaHuOy incinerator during trial burn

 

 

5.7.   COMPARISON OF THE FIELDS TRIALS WITH THE LABORATORY TRIALS

 

 

 

 

 

• Waste loading: Disposable rubber gloves were observed in addition to needles syringes, glass vials, bandages, dressings, and paper w
• Temperatures and combustion efficiency: The same performance in gas combustion        efficiency   was    obtained    for    wood    .

 

NORTHERN PROVINCE

• Emissions: Large amounts of black smoke were observed and this was correlated directly to cooling of the unit as the wood fuel was exhausted

 

• Destruction efficiency: The destruction efficiency was similar to that in the laboratory measurem
• Usability: The unit is difficult to control as the result of the variability of the quality of wood
• Acceptability: the smoke was not acceptable to the clinic, the community, or the local

GAUTENG PROVINCE

 

• The performance with fuel alone indicates that laboratory trial data can be used to predict emissions in the
• The Molope Auto unit is too difficult to control for the available staff and fuel at the

 

 

 

5.8.   RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE LABORATORY TRIALS

 

NORTH WEST PROVINCE

MPUMALANGA PROVINCE

 

 

 

 

 

 

FREE STATE PROVINCE

5.9.   RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE STEERING COMMITTEE

 

 

NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE

 

 

KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCE

 

6.     FIELD TRIALS

 

6.1.   OBJECTIVE OF THE FIELD TRIALS

 

 

 

 

 

6.2.   CLINIC SELECTION

 

 

 

• Location must be rural or under-serviced with

 

 

 

• It must be in a high-density population area
• Acceptable environmental conditions must prevail
• Community acceptance must be obtained
• Operator skill level to be used must be at a level of illiteracy

 

 

 

• Steinkopf Clinic – Northern Cape Province – Gas incinerator

 

 

• Marydale Clinic – Northern Cape Province – Gas incinerator
• Mogale Clinic – Gauteng Province             – Auto combustion

 

• Chwezi Clinic – KwaZulu-Natal Province – Gas incinerator
• Ethembeni Clinic- KwaZulu-Natal Province – Auto-combustion electrical

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I:/UnitPublic/Valerie/Technet 99/Working papers/Session 3/rogers.doc

 

 

 

EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE

 

 

WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE

 

 

 

The criteria for the ranking of the incinerators in accordance with performance from the field were:     The South African National Department of Health coordinated the field trials.   Info concerning the field trials in addition to surveys were supplied to the coordinators from the participating provinces.   The team in the field consisted of this operator, supervisor and inspector (planner ). The manufacturer of this incinerators did the training of those operators.   The questionnaires used throughout the trials were set so as to obtain information with regard to the criteria set for the standing of their incinerators according to performance in the field. The questionnaires were obtained from the clinics in two-weekly intervals.   Queries with regard to the criteria were the following:     y Volume and thickness y Colour y Odour         y Total y Partial y Minimal y Residue articles           y Operator y Nurse y Head of this practice y Local Authority agent y Community leader   Throughout the trials the clinics were visited and the incinerators evaluated by members of the Steering Committee along with the CSIR in Addition to Dr L Diaz from WHO, Mr M Lainejoki from UNICEF and the coordinator in the National Department of Health.     As a consequence of the heavy, black smoke emission the device wasn’t acceptable to the community.               Sort Of Incinerator: C&S Auto-Combustion (Uses an electrically actuated fan)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.3.   COORDINATION OF THE TRIALS

 

 

 

• Safety (occupational and public health)
• Destruction capability
• Usability
• Community acceptability

 

Considered user-friendly by operator, supervisor and inspector.

 

 

The incinerator was approved by the community and wasn’t regarded as harmful.

 

 

 

 

Sort of incinerator: Molope Gas incinerator

 

A.  SAFETY (occupational and public health)

 

• Smoke Emission

 

 

 

• Ash Content
• Are the filled sharps boxes and soiled dressings stored in a locked location while waiting to be incinerated?

 

 

 

B.  DESTRUCTION CAPABILITY

 

• Destruction Rate

This incinerator was believed user friendly.

 

 

 

 

C.  USABILITY (for the available staff)

• Can the incinerator be used easily?

 

 

• Is the process of incineration safe?
• Has training been successful?
• Is protective clothing such as gloves, goggles, dust masks and safety boots available?

The incinerator was approved by the community and wasn’t regarded as harmful.

D.  COMMUNITY ACCEPTABILITY

 

• What is the opinion of the following persons on the use of the incinerator?

 

 

 

 

Two

timber, coal also an alternative )

3

 

6.4.   QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS

 

6.4.1.      MOGALE CLINIC

 

 

 

(Uses Electricity)

Great

Great

Great

Great

Combust Incinerator

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4 & 5: Molope Auto wood-fired incinerator during field trials at Mogale clinic

 

 

A.               SAFETY (occupational and public health)

 

1. The process of incineration with this unit was considered by the operator, supervisor and the inspector as unsafe because there is no protective cage around the During the process the incinerator becomes very hot and this could result in injury to the operator.

 

2. The smoke emission of this incinerator had a volume and thickness which was heavy and black, with a distinct unpleasant odour, and was considered This could cause a pollution problem.

 

 

 

B.               DESTRUCTION CAPABILITY

 

1. The needles and vials were not completely destroyed but were rendered unsuitable for re-use.

 

2. The soft medical waste was completely destroy

 

 

 

C.               USABILITY

 

Difficulty in controlling the operating temperature and avoiding smoke emissions made this incinerator user unfriendly.

 

D.               COMMUNITY ACCEPTABILITY

 

As a result of the heavy, black smoke emission the unit was not acceptable to the community.

 

 

6.4.2.      ETHEMBENI CLINIC:

 

 

Figure 6: C&S Marketing Auto Combust Electrical Incinerator At Ethembeni Clinic

 

 

 

Type Of Incinerator: C&S Auto-Combustion (Uses an electrically actuated fan)

 

 

 

A.               SAFETY (occupational and public health)

 

1. The operator, supervisor and inspector considered this incinerator easy to operate with no danger to the Removal of the ash from the drum for disposal in a pit is, however, considered difficult, as the drum is heavy. Removal of the incinerator lid before it has been allowed to cool has been identified as a potential danger to the operator.

 

2. Emission of smoke from this incinerator was not considered ex The volume and thickness was evaluated as moderate with no pollution experienced.

 

 

 

B.               DESTRUCTION CAPABILITY

 

1. The needles and vials were not completely destroyed but were rendered unsuitable for re-use.
2. The soft medical waste was completely destroy

 

 

 

C.               USABILITY

 

Considered user friendly by operator, supervisor and inspector.

 

D.               COMMUNITY ACCEPTABILITY

 

The incinerator was accepted by the community and was not considered to be harmful.

 

 

 

6.4.3.      CHWEZI CLINIC, MARYDALE CLINIC AND STEINKOPF CLINIC:

 

Type of incinerator: Molope Gas incinerator

 

Figure 7:       Molope Gas incinerator during field trials at Marydale clinic

 

A.               SAFETY (occupational and public health)

 

1. The operator, supervisor and inspector considered this incinerator easy to operate with minimal danger to the
2. Smoke emissions were not excessive and were reported to be minim

 

B.               DESTRUCTION CAPABILITY

 

1. Sharps not completely destroyed but were rendered unsuitable for re-use.

 

 

2. Soft medical waste completely destroy

 

C.               USABILITY

 

This incinerator was considered user friendly.

 

 

 

D.               COMMUNITY ACCEPTABILITY

 

 

 

The incinerator was accepted by the community and was not considered to be harmful.

 

 

 

6.5.   RANKING

 

 

INCINERATOR	RANKING
Molope Gas	1
C&S Auto-Combustion (Uses electrical fan)	2
Molope Auto- Combustion (Fired with wood, coal also an option)	3

 

 

 

 

6.6.   OUTCOME OF THE FIELD TRIALS

 

Incinerator	Safety	Destruction Capability	Usability	Community Acceptability
Molope Gas	Good	Good	Good	Good
C&S Auto- Combustion (Uses Electricity)	Good	Good	Good	Good
Molope Auto- Combust Incinerator	Un-Acceptable	Good	Un-Acceptable	Un-Acceptable